An
Assignment
Name : Raisa Siska Tanjung
Reg. Num : 8216111029
Class : A-2 LTBI
Subject : Language Planning
1. Question : Why
is National language Necessary?
Answer :
A national language is a language
(or language variant, i.e. dialect)
which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with
a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term is used
variously.
A
national language may for instance represent the national
identity of a nation or country. National language may alternatively
be a designation given to one or more languages spoken as first languages in
the territory of a country.
In sociolinguistics
the distinction between a national language and an official language is
generally made along the affective referential dimension, or more precisely the
ideological instrumental dimension. A national language is the language of a
political, cultural and social unit. It is generally developed and used as a
symbol of national unity. Its functions are to identify the nation and unite
the people of the nation. An official language, by contrast, it simply a
language which may be used for government business. Its function is primarily
utilitarian rather than symbolic. It is possible for one language to serve both
functions.
Many countries have
regarded the development of a single national language as a way of symbolizing
the unity of a nation. Over the last hundred years nationhood and independence
have been very important political issues throughout the world. In the struggle
to establish a distinct national identity, and to secure independence from
colonial rule, the development of a national language has often played an
important part. The symbolic value of a national language as a unifying
rallying point in the fight for independence was quickly appreciated.
There are four steps involved in
developing a code or variety
1.
Selection; choosing the variety or code to be developed .
2.
Codification; standardizing its structural or linguistic
features.
3.
Elaboration; extending its function for use in new domains.
4.
Securing its acceptance; the status of the new variety is
important, and so people’s attitudes to the variety being developed must be
considered.
2. Question : Why should the language Change?
Answer : Language change in time to time
get along with the development of era, how is language and why is language
change, Those influenced by the user of language which is us. There are some
reason why are language
change,
Chomsky
(1965: 3), stating that, inguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal
speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-community, who knows its
language perfectly. Since, as noted by Weinreich, Labov and Herzog (1968: 188),
“all change necessarily involves heterogeneity and variation,” such a view of
language clearly rules out any possible study of language change, simply because
it leaves no possibility for change to happen..
The
idea that the main cause of change, at least as far as so-called internal
causes are concerned lies in imperfect language transmission from one
generation to the next is not new: as shown inWeinreich, Labov and Herzog (1968)
similar views were held by Herman Paul in the 19th century.
Starting from the 1960s,
sociolinguists have shown what dialectologists had known for almost acentury,
that is, that variation cannot be described by drawing precise boundaries. As for
regional variation, sociolinguists studied variation across social strata and
across registers used in various situations by members of the same community,
and were able to capture change in progress by means of a number of
longitudinal studies, some of which have become a classic
Langauge change as it an effort of economizing
language, as can be seen by the dissipation of the use of inflection. One
change language clearly indicates the existence of the language is
gramatikalisasi economizing. Gramatikalisasi (Campbell, 1998:241) is the change
in the language associated with the reduction of semantic aspects (semantic
weakening, semantic fading). According to Heine and Kuteva gramatikalisasi is
the development of all forms of lexical and grammatical forms of grammatical
form to a more grammatical again (2004:2).
He said there are several mechanisms
gramatikalisasi, among others:
(A) desemantisasi: loss of semantic features
(B) extension: used in a new context
(C) dekategorisasi: loss of property morphosyntax
of lexical categories
(D) erosion: loss of phonetic substance
One or gramatikalisasi
penggramatikalan process is through the loss of semantic features. A reduced
grammar component semantic features to be another component of grammar. It is
clear from the change lexical categories into category function. Lexical
category is a category that is considered more "rich" (more semantic
features) while the function is the opposite category (semantic feature a bit).
In accordance with Economic Principles Feature: "minimize the derivation
of semantic feature" (Van Gelderen, 2009:216), the richer category turned
into more categories "poor". With the reduction of semantic features,
a component will be more economical and certainly fulfills the functions of grammar
that makes language as possible so that communication can be established either
(Poedjosoedarmo, 2008).
There are some changes to the lexical verb auxiliary verb (auxiliary) or the like function category. For example, exemplified by Campbell (1998:238) lexical verb meaning will want to experience and becomes a category gramatikalisasi function. So the first (Old English) one can say
I will to ..... (Will: want)
There are some changes to the lexical verb auxiliary verb (auxiliary) or the like function category. For example, exemplified by Campbell (1998:238) lexical verb meaning will want to experience and becomes a category gramatikalisasi function. So the first (Old English) one can say
I will to ..... (Will: want)
However, in present-day English one must make
formula will + verb. For example, the following sentence.
I will drink orange juice.
I will drink orange juice.
In addition, the lexical verb
digramatikalisasi also a copula as exemplified by Lohndal via Van Gelderen
(2009:229) that some of the full verb (lexical verb) turn into a copula. The
most obvious example is the change wes verb (meaning to REMAIN, to stay) a
copula be was (past tense). As a lexical verb, wes certainly brings a certain
semantic features.
Because having gramatikalisasi, these features
decrease or even disappear and now was more to do with the information at the
time (tense). According Lohndal, some copula subsequently changed again (having
gramatikalisasi again) into auxiliary verbs.
References
Wikipedia, Language Planniing.
The journal of Bente Bakmand in http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr3/bakmand.htm
Campbell, Lyle. 1998. Historical
Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
